Diabetes It's complicated. the latest and greatest

Summary: Take a trip down the Diabetic memory lane—old names, old tests, and old treatments. What’s new in the pathophysiology of Type 2 diabetes—it’s NOT just the traditional 3 underlying mechanisms of insulin resistance, beta cell dysfunction, increased hepatic glucose production—there are 5 more processes that contribute to Type 2 diabetes—accelerated lipolysis in the fat cells, incretin resistance/deficiency in the small intestine, hyperglucagonemia (alpha cell failure), increased glucose absorption by the proximal convoluted tubule of the kidney, and insulin resistance in the brain (reducing the feeling of satiety and contributing to dementia of the Alzheimer’s type). Discusses the 10 classes of oral drugs, 3 types of injectable drugs, and even weight-loss surgery to treat T2DM. Type 1 diabetes will also be discussed—pathophysiology, basal-bolus insulin, and the prevention of long-term complications. Long-term complications will be discussed for Type 2 diabetes as well. Lab tests will be described and discussed.