Diabetes physiology and pathophysiology

Summary: Discusses the normal physiology of glucose regulation then delves into both types 1 and 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and pre-diabetes. Examines each of these states in detail with emphasis on their pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnostic criteria, signs and symptoms, and related complications. Explores the various methods of glucose monitoring, including self-monitoring with a standard glucose meter and use of the new continuous glucose monitoring system. Outlines assessments such as hemoglobin A1C, average blood glucose, estimated average glucose, 1, 5 anhydroglucitol, and urine for ketones with information about the rationale for their use and testing schedules, and normal and abnormal values. Reviews hypoglycemia, including hypoglycemia unawareness, and hyperglycemic events such as diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state. The program provides a wealth of information for physicians, nurses, and other healthcare providers working with individuals with diabetes, and may be used for patient education